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Hummingbirds are known for their astonishing long-distance migration, often traveling thousands of miles between their breeding grounds in North America and wintering habitats in Central and South America. Despite their tiny size, some species fly nonstop for up to 18 hours over open water.

The most well-known hummingbird species that migrate are the Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris), which migrates alone across the Gulf of Mexico, and the Rufous Hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus), which migrates from western North America to southern Mexico.

One of the most impressive feats of hummingbird migration is crossing the Gulf of Mexico. Some species fly up to 500 miles without stopping to rest or eat. This flight can take 18 to 22 hours, and during this time, they rely heavily on fat reserves built up prior to departure.

Hummingbirds typically migrate in the fall, departing North America around late summer or early autumn. They return to breed in the spring, typically between late March and May, with the exact timing varying based on weather patterns and food availability.

Before migration, hummingbirds enter a state called "hyperphagia," where they eat intensely to build up fat stores, which provide the energy needed for their long flight. They may double their body weight in preparation for migration.

In the spring and summer months, hummingbirds breed and nest in North America. Males typically court females with elaborate aerial displays, and females build the tiny, cup-shaped nests that are often made from spider silk and plant fibers.

Hummingbirds feed primarily on nectar, using their specialized long bills and extendable tongues to extract the sugary liquid. They also consume insects and spiders for protein, which is essential for their muscle and energy needs during migration.

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